Reading the different arguments swayed my opinion towards the no translation faction.
As I see it Stonehearth is a heavily moddable game, so names should be left to the discretion of the mod creators, meaning that the vanilla Stonehearth as mod of its own (the mother of all mods if you will) should be completely left to Team Radiant in regards to lore and associated names.
If players want a 100% with names translated game, then they could probably apply that as mod of its own.
This way names are also a good way for mods to distinct themselves, for example the chronicle mod could have a Jovoxel Gutenhearth as inventor of the book press or such.
At least there should be a configuration option for modders to set translation up, so names are excluded or included from the translation files.